The Competitive Advantage of Industrial Districts Theoretical And Emp

Question: Portray about The Competitive Advantage of Industrial Districts for Theoretical And Empirical Analysis? Answer: 1: Circuit City, an electronic retailer in United States began its activities in 1949 under the name of Wards Company. The said organization extended because of its inventive special approaches like free in home showing, which gave the clients a Television for a night in their home complimentary. The Company before long got well known and extended its item go from TVs to other electronic machines with another retail model under the name of Circuit City general store giving limited rates to clients to electronic apparatuses contrasted with their rivals (Wagner Hollenbeck, 2014). Nonetheless, Circuit City before long lost its upper hand as it neglected to follow the 4S plan of action. The 4S plan of action depended on administration, determination, reserve funds, and fulfillment. In any case, the organization neglected to keep up its fundamental business structure by disregarding their very much prepared staffs. Be that as it may, the essential explanation of the disappointment of the organization was the point at which they laid off 3000 generously compensated deals work forces of the organization. The said lay off hampered the plan of action and the previous representatives of the organization helped the contenders (Rothaermel, 2015). To get by in the market, Circuit City ought to have shunned laying off their staff directors. The organization should have embraced creative procedures to decrease cost by presenting uncommon limits, unique arrangements with makes. The Company could likewise close done unrewarding stores. 2: Competitive Advantage implies that a presence of a condition or a situation in the market that puts an organization far beyond in a good or a higher business position than its rivals. An organization appreciates upper hand when it beats or presents certain systems, which makes the organization progressively favored by the clients. While purchasing a specific item from the market, I generally select an item from an organization remembering great quality, sensible cost and accommodation of a store for purchasing the equivalent. In the event that an item I wanted to purchase required after deal administrations, I would purchase an item from the organization, which gives productive and snappy after-deal administrations. Be that as it may, my decision while buying an item fundamentally dependent on the nature of the item, which is being offered at a sensible cost. The three items I decide to buy are as per the following: Shoes If I need to buy a couple of shoes, I normally purchase the equivalent from Clarkes as they give the best quality sole from their point of view, which makes the shoes truly agreeable, and worth each dollar, you spend on it (Campbell, Coff Kryscynski, 2012). Beauty care products I as a rule purchase makeup from the organization called MAC. There is a ton of rivalry in the market for beauty care products items as different organizations give a wide scope of items. Along these lines, I generally base my choice on an item, valued sensibly in the market. Food supplies While buying routine goods, I lean toward visiting Wal-Mart as it is near where I live and it gives different decision of routine items under one rooftop. 3: Samsung Electronics was an average organization, which changed into a worldwide pioneer when the new Chairman of the Company to be specific Mr. Lee presented another administration program in the organization which affected the inside workplace of the organization. Mr Lee proposed to survey the administration methodologies of the organization utilizing the Genetic Value Chain Model for Management. The new administration techniques presented the accompanying changes: Staff Management The Company presented open administration in the zone of staff the board. Open administration recommended regarding the advancement and inventiveness from representatives by evacuation of snags in the administration chain to improve the proficiency of the workers (Harrison, Bosse Phillips, 2010). Advertising The Marketing and Design procedures depended on its emphasis on four essential standards. The standards are as per the following: Organization embraced a client center methodology, presenting items, which the clients required. Organization understood the significance of very much structured items The items structured by organization were basic and proficient Structures were presented which mirrored the clients routine way of life Quality Management The Chairman of Samsung presented the idea of value the executives in the inner working of the organization to improve the nature of the brand Samsung. Director Lee propelled the representatives of the organization to make a guarantee to the client for giving a great item and satisfying the equivalent to make a fruitful brand (Hemmert, 2014). 4: For some years not, the gas motor have been a predominant innovation in the car business. Notwithstanding, because of the deficiency of fuel accessibility like petroleum and diesel, the gas motors may lose its situation as a prevailing innovation in autos division. Additionally, the presentation of new innovations like half and half vehicles has influenced the gas motors future in the car segment. The presentation of electric run vehicles diminished the predominance of gas motor. Be that as it may, to build up the equivalent, we have to create foundation and propelled offices. For electrical runs, there is a requirement for charging stations as the electrical vehicles accessible currently are fit for running for only 100-200 kilometers without an energize (Garcs-Ayerbe, Rivera-Torres Murillo-Luna, 2012). Among the vehicle organizations, Toyota is by all accounts impacting the future vehicle innovation in the car segment. Toyota had started the utilization of petroleum - electric in half and half vehicles, increased in value by the created nations all around. It built up a strategy, which was a harmony among innovation and natural security (Bagella Becchetti, 2012). With presentation of half breed vehicles, the oil organizations will watch a misfortune sought after for oil and in this manner should manage their valuing, which will diminish the expense of oil items. The vehicle makes need to change their foundation to produce electrical vehicles. The gas stations should change to charging stations, which are completely prepared. The buyer should relinquish their fuel driven vehicles and buy electric vehicles (Petroski, 2010). Reference List Bagella, M., Becchetti, L. (Eds.). (2012).The Competitive Advantage Of Industrial Districts: Theoretical And Empirical Analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Campbell, B. A., Coff, R., Kryscynski, D. (2012). Reconsidering supported upper hand from human capital.Academy of Management Review,37(3), 376-395. Garcs-Ayerbe, C., Rivera-Torres, P., Murillo-Luna, J. L. (2012). Partner pressure and natural proactivity: Moderating impact of upper hand expectations.Management Decision,50(2), 189-206. Harrison, J. S., Bosse, D. A., Phillips, R. A. (2010). Overseeing for partners, partner utility capacities, and serious advantage.Strategic Management Journal,31(1), 58-74. Hemmert, M. (2014). The business arrangement of Korea.Asian Business and Management: Theory, Practice and Perspectives, second edn. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 219-238. Petroski, H. (2010). Building: Technology Plus.American Scientist,98(4), 280-284. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic administration. McGraw-Hill. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational conduct: Securing upper hand. Routledge.

Egyptian Society :: essays research papers

Egyptian Society      The Egyptian culture, with all its intricate composition and landmarks, resembled some other; in the event that you comprehend the hieroglyphics. In this exposition, I will answer to my administration how the Egyptian composition and recorders influenced the Egyptian life and government.      The Egyptian composing material utilized was stone and papyrus. It was utilized to record writing in the large landmarks known as pharaohs. The word â€Å"pharaohs† implied a type of title â€Å"great house.† The writing in these landmarks was called hieroglyphics; which implied â€Å"priest writing† in antiquated Greece. This composing was on each landmark and was there to portray the force that the pharaohs had; it likewise depicted the deeds and achievements that every pharaoh had. The composing was additionally not unreasonably simple comprehended, it wasn’t like the composing we use today; it was progressively mind boggling. They didn't seem to utilize words however calculates that implied various things. They frequently had images of creatures and considerably others. The composing was what made the landmark.      If we were to have the option to peruse completely what this hieroglyphics were it would be exceptionally valuable to us. Not valuable it might be said to utilize this data against them, yet it is helpful to perceive the individuals that lived and decided Egypt around then. It would give us a feeling of history regarding how our reality was administered in past occasions.      In expansion, if these works were to be eradicated, the effect on the general public would be huge. Not exclusively would the general public free spot with respect to who was what yet they would free their pasts. Albeit some may even now have recollections, they would not have the compositions to back up the landmarks, the landmarks would along these lines be pointless and they would have no significance.

Study On Bayer Ag And Multi Listed Securities Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The Company Bayer AG was founded on 1st August 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and Johann Friedrich Weskott in Barmen, Germany. Today it is headquartered in Leverkusen, Germany. In order for management purposes Bayer AG was restructured into a holding company in December in the year 2003. All the core businesses were transformed into limited companies which were all managed by Bayer AG. These companies are: Bayer CropScience AG, Bayer HealthCare AG, Bayer Chemicals AG, Bayer MaterialScience AG and the three service companies Bayer Technology Services, Bayer Business Services and Bayer Industry Services. BAYER AG is an international firm with a lot of expertise in the fields of health care, nutritio, etc. The firms goods and services are designed and produced in a way to help mankind and benefit and improve their quality of life. In FY 2009, Bayer had a wokforce of 108,400 people and had an output of ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬31.2 billion.The capital expenditures in curred were ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1.7 billion and the RD expenses were ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬2.7billion. As mentioned earlier, In the year 2009, the Bayer Company had workforce of 108,400 worlwide of which 21,600 were located in Asia-Pacific, other 16,300 employees in North America, and other 16,000 in Latin America,Middle East and Africa and the rest 54,500 in Europe. The Mission statement of Bayer is: We have set our course for the future. The Corporate Mission Statement of the organization is the tagline Bayer: Science For A Life, which sums up the groups objectives, values and beliefs. OTHER COMPANIES: BAYER CROPSCIENCE is a leading crop science company.Its main area of focus is Crop protection, seeds, pest control, etc. BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE produces high-quality plastic and it also develops remedies and solutions for needs of everyday life. BAYER TECHNOLOGY SERVICES deals in process and plant engineering, construction and optimization. BAYER BUSINESS SERVICES handles the Information Technology infrastructure and technical support factor for countries Canada and USA. BAYER HEALTH CARE is leading in the advanced production of medical products. Its sole mission is to research, develop and produce innovative products that improve the health of people and their quality of life.It has four groups under it: Animal Health Bayer Schering Pharma Consumer Care (over-the-counter medicines and dietary supplements) Medical Care MEANING OF MULTI -LISTED SECURITIES: Multi-listed securities are traded on more than one stock exchange and are suitable for deposit and settlement in more than one Central Securities depository (CSD). These securities can be traded by the customers in the home market, in the international market and in cross-border transactions (i.e between the home market and the remote market). In recent times, many organisations and companies consider listing their shares on multiple stock exchanges in various countries. In todays global economy this is relatively a safe way to enter and explore the international markets, generate and maintain interest in a multinational companys shares. ADVANTAGES OF MULTI -LISTING: One of the major advantages that a company can take of multi listing is that it can raise extra capital for the company from another market whenever needed.Multi listing is very easy for companies which have good standing and reputation in the home market as well as foreign market. A company can even raise capital using different instruments like ADR and GDR. Multi listing can also be used to reduce risks.It can be used as a hedging tool (risk management tool). It helps to diversify the security in domestic as well as International market. Having securities listed in multiple countries also has a positive impact on sales and other aspects of the business. It increases the visibility of the company in the market. Listing of shares i n multiple stock exchanges also increases the media attention the company receives in each market. In case of an Acquisition, multiple stock exchange listing enables a company to provide acquisition currency. If a company is not performing well in a certain market and has poor liquidity and low profile it can be offset by a better performance in another market. OTHER ADVANTAGES: There are many other advantages a company can take if its shares are listed on multiple stock exchanges.Some important benefits are: It helps in Creating a new market for the companys shares Increasing the financial standing and reputation of the company. Creating public awareness and public interest in the company and its products. Also providing various opportunities to the company to implement share option schemes for their employees. There are some disadavantages that a company faces when its shares are listed on multiple stock exchanges. DISADVANTAGES: Increasing account ability to public shareholders. It becomes necessary for the company to maintain dividend and profit growth trends. The company is at a risk to an unwelcome takeover. The company also loses its privacy because of the media interest in the Company. It also faces the problem of following the rules and regulations of different governing bodies in different countries. Companies seeking international investments and prospective investors consider multiple listing of their shares but it should be sufficiently compelling to outweigh the burden that comes along multiple stock exchange listings. GENERAL INFORMATION: BAYER, the German Pharmaceutical Compnay, has listed its shares on multiple stock exchanges. It has listed its shares in countries like Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, UK, Japan and Italy. In 2002 the company also listed its shares on NYSE i.e New York Stock Exchange, which was the eleventh country for the company to list its shares. Cu rrently it has listed its shares in Germany, Switzerland, Spain and UK. ADVANTAGES FOR BAYER IN LISTING IN NYSE AND LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE: One of the major advantages Bayer AG faced by listing its shares on NYSE were that it made it simpler for Bayer to develop and expand in the US market. Wilson, managing director and head of international syndicate at UBS Warburg, said: Getting greater access to U.S. investors is sometimes given as a reason for a U.S. listing, and its a way for smaller companies to improve their profile. However, most significantly, its a way to get acquisition currency. (Rubery, 2002) Bayer Spokesperson, Annette Josten agreed and said, that if Bayer would make an acquisition then the company could pay for it in exchange of shares.She further added that Bayer has no concrete plans but this does give them the opportunity to act quickly upon this.It will also help the company to increase its potential investors and provide transperancy in US and also gives them opportunities to initiate and launch stock option programs for the U.S employees. Multiple listing of stock also helped Bayer to increase liquidity by widening its trade market, and provided it with easier accesss to prospective and potential investors. Also by listing its shares in NYSE and LSE, BAYER got a lot more and better analyst coverage. And their potential investors got better information about the Company.The Company can raise funds whenever needed. The company also experienced High Abnormal Return as the potential customers increased aft the company was listed on NYSE. The company also benefits in the foreign market by any foreign currency fluctutations. DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE LISTING FACED BY BAYER AG: When a company is listed on multiple stock exchange it has to follow foreign ownership restrictions and go by the rules and regulations of the foreign country when one companys investors are not permitted to hold foreign shares.In case of Mergers and Acquisitions dual listing plays a very important role.But Non Mergers and Acquisitions related dual listings have different problems and difficulties to overcome.Josten at Bayer explains, The challenge was the comprehensive administrative and organizational work in preparation of the listing. But due to very good co-operation with the SEC and the auditors, we managed to complete that work successfully. Bayer Company being listed on multiple stock exchanges also faces some disadvantages like Increased Cost.The Company needs to comply with different markets which increase pressure on the staff, increased reporting and also increases the operation costs. Every move of the company will be followed by the analysts. And any mistake committed by the company will cost the company huge losses. In multiple stock exchange listings it becomes necessary for a company to produce accounts under two different sets of accounting rules, possibly leading to reporting of different results in different markets. It also is necessary that the domestic investors should have the same set of information as the international investors, therefore the information might be needed to be published in multiple languages to suit domestic investors.This will increase the expenses and compliance work involved.

A Very Short Introduction By Jonathan Culler - 1279 Words

In Literary Criticism A Very Short Introduction, author Jonathan Culler writes on feminist theory: on the one hand, feminist theorists champion the identity of women, demand rights for women, and promote women’s writings as representations of the experience of women. On the other hand, feminists undertake a theoretical critique of the heterosexual matrix that organizes identities and cultures in terms of the opposition between man and woman (Culler 140). These two approaches, championing and critiquing can be found in both the works of Jane Austen and E.M. Forster. In their novels, we welcome a central female character who flourishes into their own understanding of the word, and provides their own literary voice to an overwhelmingly†¦show more content†¦Rather, Lucy’s character is merely that, her own, a full embodiment of herself, and ultimately this is the major revelation she transcends to through her journey in Forster’s novel. Whereas Elizabeth seeks to prove a point of equality, Lucy seeks to embody that point. This does not discount Elizabeth’s progressiveness, but rather is central to how these two characters embody a continuum of feminism’s development. Both Elizabeth and Lucy exhibit strong determination, but contexts shape them differently. In the world of victorian England, Elizabeth Bennett rejects the man she is destined to love because he outwardly does not met the decorum of socie ty and slights her with his mannerism. In a similar way, Lucy holds to her own private prejudices in her rejection of George Emerson. But George Emerson is a far cry from Mr. Darcy; George being someone who has grown up equalizing women whereas Darcy has grown up believing they have a place. Therefore, for Lucy, expectations are different because the shift in gender equality is already well underway. Throughout the novel bread crumbs are dropped for Lucy about her own potential, whereas for the females of Austen’s Longbourn, marriage is their only opportunity, their lone certain way to escape. Even Elizabeth Bennett cannot escape this reality. In A Room with A View the female character’s autonomy is placed front in center. Furthermore, femininity itself is burgeoning out of evenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Evolution and Ambiguous Communication766 Words   |  4 Pagescould come right out and say it more precisely in a nice block of prose? This inherent ambiguity of poetry is best expressed by Culler in Literary Theory: If you take the sentence as a poem, the question isnt quite the same: not what does the speaker or author mean but what does the poem mean? How does this language work? What does this sentence do? (24) Here Culler points out an interesting decentralization of original meaning. In an ambiguous form of transmitting meaning (such as art, musicRead MoreEssay about Our Value of Art918 Words   |  4 PagesIt has many forms, such as painting, sculpture, architecture and the written word. Rousseau proposes, Instead of thinking of life as something to which signs and texts are added to represent it, we should conceive of itself as suffused with signs (Culler 12). For these purposes the signs which Rousseau identifies are works of art. This statement speaks to the inseparable quality of life and art. Since life and art are connected they invariably affect one another. Life is inherently chaotic. ThisRead MoreThe Fact Of Blackness By Frantz Fanon1223 Words   |  5 Pagesblack man’s lack of interpellation enhances the white man’s performativity furthering white supremacy; a way of rejecting neocolonialism that disregards societal norms. â€Å"Performative utterances do not describe but perform the action they designate† (Culler 96), and the repetitive assertions from the white man placed upon the black man results in him being inferior. The white man’s performativity about Butler’s idea of gender trouble, that gender, sexuality and biological makeup are not correlated. ItRead MoreSigmund Freuds Theory Of Psychoanalysis1636 Words   |  7 Pagesand the free-floating signifiers found in deconstruction, travels throughout the dreams and defenses of the mind, bringing together literature, psychology, civilization, and people throughout the world. Works Cited Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford UP, 1997. Freud, Sigmund. â€Å"Pyscho-analysis.† Translated by James Strachey, Critical Theory: A Reader for Literary and Cultural Studies, edited by Robert Dale Parker, Oxford UP, 2012, pp. 181-94. Parker,Read MoreSuccesses and Failures of Patriarchy in Colonialism2853 Words   |  12 Pagesexplored in different settings; the colonisation of the Irish in â€Å"Translations†, an unnamed island in â€Å"The Tempest† and the Igbo tribe in â€Å"Things Fall Apart†. Prospero is a familial patriarch, shown through his dominant control of Miranda, such as ‘the very minute bids thee ope thine ear. Obey and be attentive’ . Hugh’s control of Manus is familial, as is Okonkwo’s control of his wives and children. Prospero’s control of Caliban and Hugh’s control of the school is societal. 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In a very interesting way the reader is presented with an image of a house which immediately brings to mind its occupant, Miss Emily: â€Å"It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated [†¦], set on what had once been our most select streetRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pageshave a definite unity. This will be found in the sequence of the essays, which for this reason are best read in the order proposed. However, it would perhaps be advisable for readers unversed in philosophy to put off the chapter on reification to the very end. A few words of explanation — superfluous for many readers perhaps — are due for the prominence given in these pages to the presentation, interpretation and, discussion of the theories of Rosa Luxemburg. On this point I would say, firstly, thatRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 Pageslived presence would have become totally incomprehensible. It was claimed that this dualism of substances was the unmistakable symptom of metaphysical thought, which would possibly mean that the very presence of metaphysics is indicative of a serious case of misapprehension or deviation1. However, the very idea of â€Å"Cartesian dualism† may be viewed as a locus obscurus in the philosophical thought. It is an obscure place not only because it has been inadequately examined or debated. Rather because recentRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesMcAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringin g together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. 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Ruthless Or Progressive Animal Testing - 1396 Words

Veronica Peiffer Ms. Sharon Graham ENG 102 VF 08 October 2015 Ruthless or Progressive Animal Testing Curious minds since the beginning of time have used animals to explore deeper into the realms of science, whether behavioral or biomedical. Despite many medical advances since, people have developed a division between what they feel is beneficial or not to the modernizing world as to whether animal cruelty is acceptable and humane or not. Animal testing is research science, typically regarding chemical exposures, drug overdoses, genetic manipulation, and surgical procedures that result in prolonged suffering and eventual death. According to Bernard E. Rollin’s journal entry from the Hastings Center Report, The Moral Status of Invasive Animal Research, â€Å"Science is ‘value free’ in general and ‘ethics free’ in particular† which indicates scientists are not concerned with the ethical matters but more so the results. Throughout the world, there are over 115 million animals tested in laboratories per year, ranging from farm animals to non-human primates (such as chimpanzees, monkeys, etc.) Many people are aware that animal testing exists, but not to the extent of what it is, such as how an eyeliner from L’Oreal has been tested on an animal. However, it’s not the finished product that is tested on an animal but rather so the breakdown of the chemical composition within the product. There are ongoing experiments to this day where hazardous chemicals are rubbed into the shavedShow MoreRelatedScience and Technology13908 Words   |  56 Pages Equals Humans Tatsuhiko Hasemi Youth Category â€Æ'The Power of Science Illuminating the World Heidi Baumgartner â€Æ'Proposal: Innovating Solar Power Systems to Improve Lives Lilian Kanaya â€Æ'Scientific Development and the Coexistence of Animals and Humans Hikari Kunitomo â€Æ'Encouraging the Access to Sciences to Construct a Better World Kim Pawliw â€Æ'The Role of Science in Building a Better World: Shifting the Paradigms!! Ruby Karmacharya List of Other Prize Winners ãÆ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' » Read MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pageseighteenth century. †¢ Inmates were poorly clothed, without privacy and the conditions so deplorable that disease thrive, especially the deadly typhus fever or goal fever. †¢ It spawn idleness, vice, perversion, profligacy, shameless exploitation and ruthless cruelty among its inmates as well as its caretakers thereby making them hotbeds of infection and cesspool of corruptions. †¢ New Gate Gaol of London – the famous Gaol in Europe. o HULK – an old sailing ship that is n o longer used for sea voyagesRead MoreSustainable Solutions Paper wk 7 draft16370 Words   |  66 Pageslike the IPod and IPad are evidence that Apple is generating a rivalry on a different stage. Overall, the competitive rivalry within this industry is very high. Were Apple to find a way to translate the popularity of its I-product line into a progressive and sought-after desktop PC or laptop line, it would likely heat the rivalry that much more and quite possibly push Dell and other PC market share leaders to more aggressively pursue innovation. Implications of Five Forces An examination of theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesas the Strong-Campbell Vocational Inventory, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, the StanfordBinet Intelligence Test, and a host of other instruments are available in most college counseling centers or testing centers. Be careful, however, of the multiple assessment instruments you can find on numerous Web sites. Most are not reliable or valid. On the other hand, no one, it should be emphasized, can get too much self-knowledge. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

It Act and Grey Areas Essay Example For Students

It Act and Grey Areas Essay Information Technology Act The Information Technology Act 2000 (ITA-2000)(IT ACT) is an Act of the Indian Parliament (No 21 of 2000) notified on October 17, 2000. History of the Act The United Nations General Assembly by resolution A/RES/51/162, dated the 30 January 1997 has adopted the Model Law on Electronic Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. This is referred to as the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce. Following the UN Resolution India passed the Information Technology Act 2000 in May 2000 and notified it for effectiveness on October 17, 2000. The Information technology Act 2000 has been substantially amended through the Information Technology Amendment Act 2008 which was passed by the two houses of the Indian Parliament on December 23,and 24, 2008. It got the Presidential assent on February 5, 2009 and was notified for effectiveness on October 27, 2009. A Complete history of how the current version of the Information Technology Act -2008 version evolved over a period of time between 1998 to 2009 is available at the reference link given under external links below. Specifics of the Act Information technology Act 2000 consisted of 94 sections segregated into 13 chapters. Four schedules form part of the Act. In the 2008 version of the Act, there are 124 sections (excluding 5 sections that have been omitted from the earlier version) and 14 chapters. Schedule I and II have been replaced. Schedules III and IV are deleted. Essence of the Act Information Technology Act 2000 addressed the following issues: 1. Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents 2. Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures 3. Offenses and Contraventions 4. Justice Dispensation Systems for Cybercrimes ITA 2008 as the new version of Information Technology Act 2000 is often referred has provided additional focus on Information Security. t has added several new sections on offences including Cyber Terrorism and Data Protection. The Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 The Government of India has brought major amendments to ITA-2000 in form of the Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008. Criticism The amendment was passed in an eventful Parliamentary session on 23rd of December 200 8 with no discussion in the House. Some of the cyber law observers have criticized the amendments on the ground of lack of legal and procedural safeguards to prevent violation of civil liberties of Indians. There have also been appreciation about the amendments from many observers because it addresses the issue of Cyber Security. Section 69 empowers the Central Government/State Government/ its authorized agency to intercept, monitor or decrypt any information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer resource if it is necessary or expedient so to do in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of India, defence of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States or public order or for preventing incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence or for investigation of any offence. Notification Of IT Act 2008 The Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008 (IT Act 2008) has been passed on 23rd December 2008 and received the assent of President of India on 5th February, 2009. The IT Act 2008 has been notified on Oct 27 2009 GREY AREAS OF IT ACT 2000 1. The IT Act, 2000 is likely to cause a conflict of jurisdiction. 2. Electronic commerce is based on the system of domain names. The IT Act, 2000 does not even touch the issues relating to domain names. Even domain names have not been defined and the rights and liabilities of domain name owners do not find any mention in the law. 3. The IT Act, 2000 does not deal with any issues concerning the protection of Intellectual Property Rights I the context of the online environment. Contentious yet very important issues concerning online copyrights, trademarks and patents have been left untouched by the law, thereby leaving many loopholes. 4. As the cyber law is growing, so are the new forms and manifestations of cyber crimes. The offences defined in the IT Act, 2000 are by no means exhaustive. .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e , .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .postImageUrl , .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e , .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e:hover , .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e:visited , .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e:active { border:0!important; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e:active , .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3faf62e6d6a507833e81a9f73b64b7e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Raging Bull EssayHowever, the drafting of the relevant provisions of the IT Act, 2000 makes it appear as if the offences detailed therein are the only cyber offences possible and existing. The IT Act, 2000 does not cove various kinds of cyber crimes and Internet related crimes. These Include:- a) Theft of Internet hours b) Cyber theft c) Cyber stalking d) Cyber harassment e) Cyber defamation f) Cyber fraud g) Misuse of credit card numbers h) Chat room abuse 5. The IT Act, 2000 has not tackled several vital issues pertaining to e-commerce sphere like privacy and content regulation to name a few. Privacy issues have not been touched at all. 6. Another grey area of the IT Act is that the same does not touch upon any anti- trust issues. 7. The most serious concern about the Indian Cyber law relates to its implementation. The IT Act, 2000 does not lay down parameters for its implementation. Also, when internet penetration in India is extremely low and government and police officials, in general are not very computer savvy, the new Indian cyber law raises more questions than it answers. It seems that the Parliament would be required to amend the IT Act, 2000 to remove the grey areas mentioned above.

Shes the Man Comparison to Twelfth Night Essay Example

Shes the Man Comparison to Twelfth Night Paper She’s the Man, a modern film that is based on the plot of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. The films connections to the play are emphasized through a number of visual and dialogue references. The film is about a young girl named Viola who is a strong and tomboyish. Sebastian is Viola’s twin brother who is going to be starting school at Illyria. Viola is a soccer player and is driven to pretend to be her brother at Illyria once her schools soccer team is cut. Secretly leaving to go to London to play with his band Sebastian makes it easier for Viola to pull of the scheme. With help from her friend Antonio, she in transformed into a replica of her brother. At Illyria, Violas roommate is Duke Orsino (Channing Tatum), who is a popular guy on campus â€Å"Sebastian’s lab partner, Olivia (Laura Ramsey), develops a crush on him, which frustrates Duke, who likes Olivia. In exchange for Sebastians help in getting Olivias attention, Duke agrees to put in extra soccer practice time with him. â€Å"Sebastian† is reminded, by a message from his mother, about the Junior League carnival that he and Viola promised to attend Duke’s mother is also a part of the Junior League, so he will be there too. Sebastian† is forced to switch between himself and Viola the whole time, while trying to avoid her mother and Monique (Sebastian’s Girlfriend) so that she is not discovered as impersonating her brother. Viola and Duke kiss at the â€Å"Kissing Booth† and makes Duke realize he might be crushing not only on Olivia, but on Viola as w ell. Olivia goes on a date with Duke to make Sebastian jealous, remaining far more interested in him than in Duke. We will write a custom essay sample on Shes the Man Comparison to Twelfth Night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shes the Man Comparison to Twelfth Night specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shes the Man Comparison to Twelfth Night specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Encouraged by Viola, she decides to go directly to Sebastian and tell him how she feels to keep Olivia away from Duke because; Viola herself is actually starting to develop feelings for him. The plot becomes complicated when the real Sebastian returns from London a day early. When he arrives at Illyria, Olivia runs up and kisses him. Duke, seeing this, believes his roommate has betrayed him and after arguing with Sebastian kicks him out. Viola stays in Eunices room and oversleeps, causing the real Sebastian to wind up on the field playing in what should be his sisters spot in the game against Cornwall. Principal Gold (David Cross), who has been told of Violas impersonating Sebastian by Malcolm, stops the game and informs the crowd that Sebastian is a girl. The real Sebastian being present instead, he proves himself to be male by pulling down his shorts and exposing himself. Viola explains the situation to Sebastian and they switch places. After, tension is rising on the soccer field between Duke and â€Å"Sebastian† began starting a fight and then â€Å"Sebastian† reveals herself as Viola. She tells everyone her story and tells Duke that she loves him. Everyone at Illyria celebrates their victory over Cornwall, except for Duke who is hurt at Violas dishonesty. She invites Duke to her debutante ball. They meet in a garden and head to the Debutante ball, where they are introduced, come on stage, and kiss. At the end of the film, Viola and Duke are shown playing on the soccer team of Illyria a year later. The characters of She’s the Man are directly utilized in the same manner as in Twelfth Night.